Mainstream Australian culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of Western European migrants beginning with the early settlers from England, Scotland, and Ireland. As such Anglo-Celtic Australians have been highly influential in shaping the nation's culture.
The demographics of the major cities are often different to that of rural cities as a result of the differing migration patterns.
Australians can refer to: The citizens of Australia, as defined by Australian nationality lawPeople whose ancestors lived in AustraliaThere is an estimated 1 million Australians (approximately 5% of the population) residing outside Australia. Hundreds of thousands of young Australians traditionally spend time living in Europe, but most return to Australia. The Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement facilitates open migration to and from New Zealand. Key factors affecting the Australian Diaspora are rise of a global labour market, more accessible and economical international transport, and increasingly sophisticated communication technologies along with a growing interest in broader global community. The current Australian population is estimated at 000}} ( ). This does not include an estimated 1 million Australians living overseas (see above), but it includes the estimated 24% of Australians born overseas (in various nations, but predominantly the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, China, Vietnam, India, the Philippines, and Greece). The data in the table is sourced from the Australian Bureau of Statistics Note that population estimates in the table below do not include the Aboriginal population before 1961. Estimates of Aboriginal population prior to European settlement range from 300,000 to one million, with archaeological finds indicating a sustainable population of around 750,000.
style="width:50px;" >style="width:90px;"| Population
For generations, the vast majority of both colonial-era settlers and post-Federation immigrants came from the United Kingdom and Ireland, although the gold rushes also drew migrants from other countries. Since the end of World War II, Australia's population more than doubled, spurred by large-scale European immigration during the immediate post-war decades. At this time, the White Australia Policy discouraged non-European immigration.Abolition of the White Australia Policy in the mid-1970s led to a significant increase in non-European immigration, mostly from Asia and the Middle East. 60.2% of Australia's population declared European ancestry in the 2011 census, but the option to choose Australian as an ethnicity means that the percentage who have European ancestors is considerably higher. The total indigenous population is estimated to be about 520,000 individuals, including people of mixed descent. The population of Queensland also includes descendants of South Sea Islanders brought over for indentured servitude in the 19th century.
In the Australian Census residents are asked to describe their ancestry, in which up to two could be nominated. Proportionate to the Australian resident population, the most commonly nominated ancestries were: English (36.1%) (2011)Australian (35.4%) (2011)Irish (10.4%) (2011)Scottish (8.9%) (2011)Italian (4.6%) (2011)German (4.5%) (2011)Chinese (4.3%) (2011) Indian (2.0%) (2011)Greek (1.9%) (2011)Dutch (1.7%) (2011)Lebanese (0.92%)Armenian (0.82%)New Zealand (0.81%)Filipino (0.81%)Maltese (0.77%)Croatian (0.59%)Australian Aboriginal (0.58%) Welsh (0.57%)Serbian (0.48%)Indonesian (0.47%)Spanish (0.42%)Macedonian (0.42%)Sinhalese (0.37%) American (0.28%)French (0.5%)South African (0.4%)Hungarian (0.3%)Russian (0.3%)Turkish (0.3%)
At the 2006 Census 455,026 people (or 2.3% of the total Australian population) reported they were of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin.
English, a West Germanic language, is the de facto national language of Australia and is spoken by the majority of the population, regardless of other languages spoken. Most Australians speak Australian English, however Australian Aboriginal English and Torres Strait English, along with various creoles and pidgins, are spoken by some Indigenous Australians. Australia is home to a great number of unique but endangered Indigenous Australian languages, as well as Australian Aboriginal sign languages. Australia's hearing-impaired community primarily uses Auslan, a member of the BANZSL language family.The diverse backgrounds of Australians lead to a great number of community languages being spoken: {|class="wikitable" width="100%" |- !width="30%"|Language||width="50px"|Speakers||width="30%"|Language||width="50px"|Speakers||width="30%"|Language||width="50px"|Speakers |- |English only||15,581,333||Korean||54,623||Assyrian||23,526 |- |Italian||316,895||Turkish||53,857||Indonesian||23,164 |- |Greek||252,226||Serbian||52,534||Persian||22,841 |- |Arabic||243,662||French||43,216||Hungarian||21,565 |- |Mandarin||220,600|||Danish||42,036||Hindi||20,223 |- |Vietnamese||194,863||Maltese||36,514||Urdu||19,288 |- |Spanish||98,001||Russian||36,502||Bengali||15,743 |- |Filipino (Tagalog)||92,331||Dutch||36,183||Punjabi||13,164 |-} |German||75,634||Japanese||35,111 |- |Cantonese||70,011||Tamil||32,700 |- |Hebrew||67,835||Romanian||29,055 |- |Croatian||63,612||Portuguese||25,779 |- |Polish||53,389||Khmer||24,715 |- |}
{|class="wikitable" align="left" |- |Christianity||63.9%||Islam||1.7% |- |No religion||18.7%||Judaism||0.4% |- |No response||11.2%||Other||2% |- |Buddhism||2.1%||colspan="2"|Source: ABS |} {|class="wikitable" align="right" |- |colspan="2"|Christianity (as % of total) |- |Roman Catholicism||25.8% |- |Anglicanism||18.7% |- |Other denomination||19.4% |- |colspan="2"|Source: ABS |} Australians have various religions and spiritual beliefs. The Australian Bureau of Statistics gathers information on religious belief in the national census. As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in church worship is lower than would be indicated by the proportion of the population identifying themselves as Christian; weekly attendance at church services is about 1.5 million, or about 7.5% of the population. Australians share Australian nationality, which is governed by Australian nationality law. Since there is no national identification card, commonly accepted proofs of Australian citizenship are the Australian passport, an Australian birth certificate (prior to 1986, when jus soli was abolished), or an Australian citizenship certificate. Australia permits dual citizenship with no restriction, but a more restricted qualification is imposed on people wishing to enter Parliament (see Sue v Hill).Category:Ethnic groups in Oceania
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